Its spread has been one of the central questions of the migrationism vs. diffusionism debate in 20th-century archaeology, variously described as due to migration, possibly of small groups of warriors, craftsmen or traders, or due to the diffusion of ideas and object exchange.[24]. All-over ornamented (AOO) and All-over-corded (AOC), and particularly Maritime style beakers are featured, although from a fairly late context and possibly rather of Epi-maritime style, equivalent to the situation in the north of the Netherlands, where Maritime ornamentation continued after it ceased in the central region of Veluwe and were succeeded c. 2300 BC by beakers of the Veluwe and Epi-Maritime style.[20]. Most LN I metal objects are distinctly influenced by the western European Beaker metal industry, gold sheet ornaments and copper flat axes being the predominant metal objects. The mechanism of its expansion is a 101 topic of long-standing debate, with support for both cultural diffusion and human 102 migration. Similarly, Sangmeister (1972) interpreted the "Beaker folk" (Glockenbecherleute) as small groups of highly mobile traders and artisans. Read Bell Beaker Settlement of Europe: The Bell Beaker Phenomenon from a Domestic Perspective: 8 (Prehistoric Society Research Papers) book reviews & author details and more at Amazon.in. The enclave established in southern Brittany was linked closely to the riverine and landward route, via the Loire, and across the Gâtinais Valley to the Seine Valley, and thence to the lower Rhine. In the Netherlands, the Late Neolithic Bell Beaker phenomenon (c. 2400–1900 BC) is wellknown for its burial monuments which feature prominently in debates concerning pottery typochronology, continuity with the preceding Corded Ware Phenomenon (c. 2800–2400 BC) and funerary landscape developments. The origin of the "Bell Beaker" artefacts has been traced to the early 3rd millennium, with early examples of the "maritime" Bell Beaker design having been found at the Tagus estuary in Portugal, radiocarbon dated to c. the 28th century BC. Bell Beaker pottery is known from around 2750 cal BCE5,6 in Atlantic Iberia, although its 125 exact origin is still a matter of debate 7,8 . In 2002, one of the largest Bell Beaker cemeteries in Central Europe was discovered at Hoštice za Hanou (Moravia, Czech Republic). Noting the distribution of Beakers was highest in areas of transport routes, including fording sites, river valleys and mountain passes, Beaker 'folk' were suggested to be originally bronze traders, who subsequently settled within local Neolithic or early Chalcolithic cultures, creating local styles. Elsewhere, Beaker material has been found stratigraphically above Monte Claro and at the end of the Chalcolithic period in association with the related Bronze Age Bonnanaro culture (1800–1600 BC), for which C-14 dates calibrate to c. 2250 BC. Bell Beaker pottery spread across western and central Europe beginning around 2750 BCE before disappearing between 2200-1800 BCE. [85] The Irish Beaker period is characterised by the earliness[79] of Beaker intrusions, by isolation[79] and by influences and surviving traditions of autochthons. A short-lived first occupation of pre-Bell Beaker building phase about 3000 BC revealed the remains of a tower, some pavings, and structures for burning. Typical Bell Beaker fragments from the site of Ostrikovac-Djura at the Serbian river Morava were presented at the Riva del Garda conference in 1998, some 100 km south-east of the Csepel Beaker sub-group (modern Hungary). Early Bell Beaker Culture intruded[26] into the region at the end of the Late Copper Age 1, around 2600–2550 BC. [64] Some especially well equipped child-burials seem to indicate sense of predestined social position, indicating a socially complex society. Cord-impressed type of Beaker pottery, such as the "All Over Corded". Jocelyne Desideri examined the teeth in skeletons from Bell Beaker sites in Northern Spain, Southern France, Switzerland, the Czech Republic and Hungary. [4][21], The earliest copper production in Ireland, identified at Ross Island in the period 2400–2200 BC, was associated with early Beaker pottery. Here, we have our first SGC Y-profile from Gjerrild, in Jutland and he is indeed R1b. [103], Graves with Beaker artefacts have been discovered in the Brescia area, like that of Ca' di Marco (Fiesse), while in central Italy, bell-shaped glasses were found in the tomb of Fosso Conicchio (Viterbo).[104]. 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