The, Translational difficulties and distortions, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAlathur_Kilar (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFVelusamy_and_Faraday,_2017 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSundaram,_1990 (. [17] These include Ilango Adigal, Kambar, Leo Tolstoy, Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Schweitzer, Constantius Joseph Beschi, Karl Graul, George Uglow Pope, Alexander Piatigorsky, and Yu Hsi. Dr. Karl Graul, who translated the Kural into German had this to say: "No translation can convey an idea of its (Thirukkural's) charming effect. [8] His estimate is based on the language of the text, its allusions to the earlier works, and its borrowing from some Sanskrit treatises. [216] Authors influenced by the Kural include Ilango Adigal, Seethalai Satthanar, Sekkilar, Kambar, Leo Tolstoy, Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Schweitzer, Vallalar, Monsieur Ariel, Constantius Joseph Beschi, Karl Graul, August Friedrich Caemmerer, Nathaniel Edward Kindersley, Francis Whyte Ellis, Charles E. Gover, George Uglow Pope, Vinoba Bhave, Alexander Piatigorsky, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, and Yu Hsi. Plz send link or address for hindi or gujarati translation of the same book THIRUKKURAL. The Tirukkural (திருக்குறள், literally Sacred Verses), or shortly the Kural, is a classic Tamil language text consisting of 1,330 short couplets of seven words each, or kurals. إن يأكل الحيوانات. As of now, I Thirukkural in German (Deutsch) Amongst European languages, the Kural has seen the maximum number of translations in German, next only to English and French. Search Kural by Iyal, Pal & Athigaram. When he was in charge of the Madras treasury and mint, he also issued a gold coin bearing Valluvar's image. Home > Courses > Translation and interpreting courses in Germany Share: The translation or interpreting courses listed in this directory are mainly post-graduate courses that lead to a recognised qualification (Master of Arts, PHD, Diploma, Certificate, etc). Learn the translation for ‘notification’ in LEO’s English ⇔ German dictionary. [53][54][55], The Kural is structured into 133 chapters, each containing 10 couplets (or kurals), for a total of 1,330 couplets. Considering the fact that Tamil is a classical language of great antiquity, The first claim of Valluvar as an authority appears in a 16th-century Jain text. cited the Kural in support of the doctrines which he preached: The first translation of the Kural into a European [215] Its translations into European languages starting from the early 18th century brought it global fame. In 1856, Karl Graul translated the Kural into German, claiming that the Kural is closer to the Christian preaching and offers a model of Tamil worldview. [127] The third one was published in 1991 under the title "Jaina Urai" (meaning Jaina commentary) by Saraswathi Mahal Library in Thanjavur. languages other than Tamil, English and to some extent Malayalam. "[183][i], The Kural has been widely praised within and outside India for its universal, non-denominational values. [56], Of the 1,330 couplets in the text, 40 couplets relate to god, rain, ascetics, and virtue; 200 on domestic virtue; 140 on higher yet most fundamental virtue based on grace, benevolence and compassion; 250 on royalty; 100 on ministers of state; 220 on essential requirements of administration; 130 on social morality, both positive and negative; and 250 on human love and passion. average coming to 10-12 lines per poem. While in Chapter 7 he asserts that the greatest gain men can obtain is by their learned children (Kural 61), Indian languages: Sanskrit, Hindi, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, and Urdu, Non-Indian languages: Burmese, Malay, Chinese, Fijian, Latin, French, German, Russian, Polish, Swedish, Thai, and English. Buddhist sacred texts, must have also seen several translations. [244], j. The German version was published both at London and Leipzig. [81][82][83] Contrary to what other contemporary works say, Valluvar holds that aṟam is common for all, irrespective of whether the person is a bearer of palanquin or the rider in it. Many translated example sentences containing "German translator" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. [184][187] Gandhi then took to studying the Kural in prison, which eventually culminated in his starting the non-violence movement to fight against the British. Like Beschi, Drew did not translate the third book on love. [. [35] The Kural text itself does not name its author. It is one of the 27 wells dug on the orders of Ellis in 1818, when Madras suffered a severe drinking water shortage. [49] An army has a duty to kill in battle, and a king must execute criminals for justice. translate the Kural was to translate it as briefly and tersely as possible, [77][78], The three books of the Kural base aṟam or dharma (virtue) as its cornerstone,[80] which resulted in the Kural being referred to simply as Aṟam. The first printed copy of the Thirukkural saw the light in 1831 thanks to Kandappan[158], the butler of George Harrington, a European Civil Servant possibly in the Madurai district. [125] Along with the Kural text, this commentary has been widely published and is in itself a Tamil classic. Between 1825 and 1831, Kandappan discoverd handwritten manuscripts of the Thirukkural as well as the Tiruvalluva Maalai (a hagiographic anthology of Thiruvalluvar and his work) and the Naaladi Naannurru (also known as Naalatiyaar, a poetry collection from the Sangam period)[158]. "[184] E. S. Ariel, who translated and published the third part of the Kural to French in 1848, called it "a masterpiece of Tamil literature, one of the highest and purest expressions of human thought. [175], The Thirukkural teachings are similar to those found in Arthasastra but differ in some important aspects. As is the case with any literary masterpiece, the Kural also loses its in modern Tamil. statue of the immortal bard Thiruvalluvar. This has led almost every major religious group in India, including Christianity, to claim the work and its author as one of their own. In most cases there is no choice as it is difficult to obtain more than one [104], The Kural text does not recommend democracy; rather it accepts a royalty with ministers bound to a code of ethics and a system of justice. Saint Valluvar). "[237] This is recommended by the Bhagavad Gita as well, which discusses and synthesizes the three dominant trends in Hinduism, namely, enlightenment-based renunciation, dharma-based householder life, and devotion-based theism, and this synthetic answer of the Gita recommends that one must resist the "either-or" view, and consider a "both-and" view. For your instruction and amusement, here’s a list of sayings that are sure to bring a smile when translated to English, if not a downright laughing fit. Translator P.S. by Tirukkural perhaps only by 2009. [18] The Tamil people and the government of Tamil Nadu have long celebrated and upheld the text with reverence. The Tamil inscription on his grave makes note of his commentary of Tirukkural.[245]. en. ", "The sceptre of the king is the firm support of the Vedas of the Brahmin, and of all virtues therein described. complete translation of the Kural in a foreign language other than English translation is available on the net [. "[227], The Kural has inspired many to pursue the path of ahimsa or non-violence. to view the original couplets along with interpretation They can also be denoted by their chapter number and couplet number within the chapter. Mahapatra, R. 1999. He also noted that Ellis' omissions about Thiruvalluvar's possible parentage as the son of a brahmin father and a pariah mother contributed to historical distortion and "co-opting [Thiruvalluvar] and his work into the brahminical Hindu value system"[158][159]. [107] He never indulged in specifics but always stressed on the basic principles of morality. "[184] Leo Tolstoy called it "the Hindu Kural,"[187] and Mahatma Gandhi called it "a textbook of indispensable authority on moral life" and went on to say, "The maxims of Valluvar have touched my soul. (, Tirukkural translations in different languages (பிற மொழிகளில் குறள்), http://www.gurjari.net/ico/Mystica/html/shrimad_bhagavad_geeta.htm, http://spp.pinyin.info/abstracts/spp020_lao_tzu.html, http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/dhamma/dham-hp.htm, http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/lao-tzu/works/tao-te-ching/index.htm, http://www.answers.com/topic/tao-te-ching-1, http://www.classicallibrary.org/laotse/tao/index.htm, http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/TaoTeChing-talk.pdf. preferably not in rhymed couplets. most number of languages, next only to the Bible and Qur’an, is not a tall [143] W. H. Drew translated the first two parts in prose in 1840 and 1852, respectively. [138] The text was translated into several European languages during the colonial era, particularly by the Christian missionaries. option). [139], The first European language translation (Latin) was published by Constantius Joseph Beschi in 1730. 100. a feat achieved into most of these languages. Modern composers who have tuned the Kural couplets include Mayuram Viswanatha Sastri and Ramani Bharadwaj. Rajaji commented, "It is the gospel of love and a code of soul-luminous life. Telugu). "The Great Story") probably composed in the 9th century quotes from the Tirukkural and embeds similar teachings and morals. "The Excellent Love Settings") which starts with an invocation to Vishnu, appear in the later Tirukkural. [148] This form, which Zvelebil calls "a marvel of brevity and condensation," is closely connected with the structural properties of the Tamil language and has historically presented extreme difficulties to its translators. [16] The Kural is also an oft-quoted Tamil work. While in Chapter 93 Valluvar writes on the evils of intoxication. Some of these English translations and Search Kural by number. Kural 629: "He who never exulted in joy will not be depressed by sorrow. Among the best are three well-known and short verses by the great poets Rainer Marie Rilke, Anne Ritter, and Wilhelm Busch.Though they were written over a century ago, they remain favorites today. Of these, the commentaries by Kaviraja Pandithar and U. V. Swaminatha Iyer are considered classic by modern scholars. να. Not Learn the translation for ‘stubborn’ in LEO’s English ⇔ German dictionary. A life-size statue of Valluvar is one among an array of statues installed by the Tamil Nadu government on the stretch of the Marina. Not Speaking Evil of the Absent (, Chapter 20. "[35] This theory is ahistorical and discredited. Another hindrance is my lack of knowledge in In site translation mode, Yandex.Translate will translate the entire text content of the site at the URL you provide. Like the Baghavad Gita, the Kural is a product of India, Leo Tolstoy was inspired by the concept of non-violence found in the Kural when he read a German version of the book, who in turn instilled the concept in Mahatma Gandhi through his A Letter to a Hindu when young Gandhi sought his guidance. Cammera translated it first in 1803 and later by Rueckert Friederich in 1847, the first well known complete translation of the Kural in German was that of Karl Graul in … Classical works such as the Purananuru, Manimekalai, Silappathikaram, Periya Puranam, and Kamba Ramayanam all cite the Kural by various names, bestowing numerous titles to the work that was originally untitled by its author. Subsequent editions of the Tirukkural appeared in 1831, 1833, 1838, 1840, and 1842. "[71] There are no structural gaps in the text, with every couplet indispensable for the structured whole. [92][94][95] As observed by P. S. Sundaram in the introduction to his work, while "all other sins may be redeemed, but never ingratitude," Valluvar couldn't understand "how anyone could wish to fatten himself by feeding on the fat of others. [144] The first complete English translation of the Kural was the one by the Christian missionary George Uglow Pope in 1886, which introduced the complete Kural to the western world. [124], The best known and influential historic commentary on the Kural text is the Parimelalhakiyar virutti. Google's free service instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. reasonable success. For example, the term Thirukkural is a cir formed by combining the two words thiru and kuṛaḷ. [like very much, love; e.g. [218] In Kamba Ramayanam, poet Kambar has used Kural thoughts in as many as 600 instances. of the first ever Indian classic being translated into an European language Lucid commentary of the Kural), first published in 1949, remains the most published modern commentary, with more than 200 editions by the same publisher. and many translations of these scriptures in different [134], According to K. Mohanraj, as of 2013, there were at least 497 Tamil language commentaries written by 382 scholars beginning with Manakkudavar from the Medieval era. Easily search the 1330 Thirukkural verses and find the Kural you want online and on mobile. A simple translation from English into German is often not enough to be spot-on. Jayaraman. Translations of the same couplet has been presented in other languages also A good CV is a door opener and should be treated like one. In these cases, the violations of the aram [in the earlier section] are justified [by Thiruvalluvar] in virtue of the special duties cast on the king and the justification is that 'a few wicked must be weeded out to save the general public' (TK 550)."[50]. "Πώς μπορεί κάποιος, που τρώει τη σάρκα άλλων για [citation needed] As of 2013, Perimelalhagar's commentary appeared in more than 200 editions by as many as 30 publishers. The Greatness of Those Who Have Renounced (, Chapter 4. translated mainly because of its poetical merit and strong ethical content. However many The only [238][239][240], h. ^ Commentary – sometimes referred to as bhasya in the Indian tradition – refers to explanations and interpretations of aphoristic texts. Attributed to Thiruvalluvar, who probably lived during the 2 nd or 3 rd century A.D., the Kural (as it is often referred) occupies a leading place amongst the wisdom literatures of the world. translation can do justice to the poetical brevity of the Kural and its For example, the Prabandhas such as the Tiruvalluvamalai probably from the 10th century CE are anthologies on Tirukkural, and these extensively quote and embed it verses written in meters ascribed to gods, goddesses, and revered Tamil scholars. Dr. Harichanda Kvairatna, 1980. Many of these authors have translated the work into their languages. [28] According to Blackburn, the "current scholarly consensus" dates the text and the author to approximately 500 CE. [18]. [87] Unlike Manusmriti, the Tirukurral does not give importance to castes or any dynasty of rulers and ministers. Tamil literature is vast and varied. [129][130], Several modern commentaries started appearing in the 19th and 20th centuries. [41] Scholars consider these and all associated aspects of these hagiographic stories to be fiction and ahistorical, a feature common to "international and Indian folklore". Before we proceed to the different [125] According to Norman Cutler, Parimelalhagar's commentary interprets and maneuvers the Kural text within his own context, grounded in the concepts and theological premises of Hinduism. [172] Authors who came after the composition of the Tirukkural similarly extensively quoted and borrowed from the Tirukkural. viveutibus lenitatem et clementiam exercere dicetur? It is an ethics text that expounds a universal, moral and practical approach to life. Acting after Right Consideration (, Chapter 70. The text has been translated into at least 40 Indian and non-Indian languages, making it one of the most translated ancient works. Research Centre, Nagercoil and Dakshinaa Publishing House, Chennai.60 pages. The Kural has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 5th century CE. Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "translate into German" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. However, Drew translated only 630 couplets, and the remaining were translated by John Lazarus, a native missionary. Of these, only the works of Manakkudavar, Paridhi, Kaalingar, Pari Perumal, and Parimelalhagar are available today. G.U.Pope, Rev. C. Rajagopalachari and P.S. The Lun Yu says, "Therefore an enlightened ruler will regulate his people’s livelihood so as to ensure that, above they have enough to serve their parents and below they have enough to support their wives and children. The first available French version was by E. S. Ariel in 1848. [162], The first critical edition of the Tirukkaral based on manuscripts discovered in Hindu monasteries and private collections was published in 1861 by Arumuka Navalar – the Jaffna born Tamil scholar and Shaivism activist. languages. zutreffendes Mitleid üben, das das Fleisch eines Tieres ißt, 彼はいかに彼自身の肉を太らせるために動物の肉を食べる本当の同情を練習してもいいか。. [213] This statue is currently India's 25th tallest. Here are two examples: patRuka patRatRaan However, a number of musicians have set it to tune and several singers have rendered it in their concerts. [90], According to Hajela, the Porul of the Kural text is based on morality and benevolence as its cornerstones. In: Yogi Shuddhananda Bharati (Trans.). Nice article giving the entire gamut of translation of the universal scripture from Tamilnadu- THIRUKKURAL. [45] According to Zvelebil, Valluvar's treatment of the chapters on moral vegetarianism and non-killing reflects the Jain precepts. Zvelebil states that an additional few have uncertain etymology and that future studies may prove those to be Dravidian. Viewing the Kural in all languages. [89] In the 700 couplets on poruḷ (53 percent of the text), Valluvar mostly discusses statecraft and warfare. Thank you! idea of its (Thirukkural's) charming effect. According to popular sources, Kandappan preserved the works from destruction after finding the manuscripts written on palm leaves in a pile of leaves used for cooking. [232], c. ^ The Valluvar Year is obtained by adding 31 years to the present Gregorian year. [76], The Kural text begins with an invocation of God and then praises the rain for being the vitalizer of all life forms on earth. [25] Later scholars Thomas Burrow and Murray Barnson Emeneau show that 35 of these are of Dravidian origin and not Sanskrit loan words. promote its translations into many languages. The text recommends a hierarchical military organization staffed with fearless soldiers who are willing to die in war. Starting around early 19th century, numerous inconsistent legends on Valluvar in various Indian languages and English were published. any translations – other than in English – are available on the net. [1], According to Zvelebil, the Tirukkural borrows "a great number of lines" and phrases from earlier Tamil texts. Hindu teachers have mapped his teachings in the Kural literature to the teachings found in Hindu texts. [90] Valluvar also recommends forts and other infrastructure, supplies and food storage in preparation for siege. many others' are now available on the net. [195] These were attended by several scholars, celebrities and politicians. [146] The work has also been translated into Vaagri Booli, the language of the Narikuravas, a tribal community in Tamil Nadu, by Kittu Sironmani. Ching. [44], e. ^ Quote: "Non-killing is an absolute virtue (aram) in the Arattuppal (the glory of virtue section), but the army's duty is to kill in battle and the king has to execute a number of criminals in the process of justice. The. In 1967, the Tamil Nadu government passed an order stating that the image of Valluvar should be present in all government offices across the state of Tamil Nadu. The Hindus claim that their most popular scripture the Bhagavad More information Contains translations by TU Chemnitz and Mr Honey's Business Dictionary (German-English). [31][233], d. ^ Zvelebil compares the Kural's chapter on compassion virtues (e.g., Chapters 25, 26, 32, 33) with the chapters of the Abrahamic texts such as Deuteronomy 14:3–14:29 and Quran 5:1–5. [147], With a highly compressed prosodic form, the Kural text employs the intricately complex Kural venba metre, known for its eminent suitability to gnomic poetry. Victor Mahir, a translator of Tao Te Ching, had this to Continuous upkeep of our stock of words by trained lexicographers guarantees a dictionary of top quality. necessarily in a diversity of languages like the Kural and Gita. In regard to the virtues one should follow dearly even at the expense of other virtues, Valluvar points to veracity (Kural 297), not coveting another's wife (Kural 150), and not being called a slanderer (Kural 181). [84][85] According to Albert Schweitzer, the idea that good must be done for its own sake comes from various couplets across the Kural text. had been deposited in the Bibliotheque Nationale of France, Paris. [46], According to other scholars, Valluvar's writings suggest that he belonged to Hinduism. [189][j], The Kural does not appear to have been set in music by Valluvar. [161] In 1917, Manakkudavar's commentary for the first book of the Kural text was published by V. O. Chidambaram Pillai. Introduction to an Exhibition by Perry-Gordon. many languages (like Arabic, Konkani, Marathi). "[184] The Indian nationalist and Yoga guru Sri Aurobindo stated, "Thirukkural is gnomic poetry, the greatest in planned conception and force of execution ever written in this kind. Secondly, Confucius did not deal with the subject of conjugal love, for which Valluvar devoted an entire division in his work. [202][k][l] In the late 19th century, the South Indian saint Vallalar taught the Kural's message. In Valluvar's theory of state, unlike Kautilya, the army (patai) is the most important element. (n.d.). [61] The components of aṟam, poruḷ and inbam encompasses both the agam and puram genres of the Tamil literary tradition as explained in the Tolkappiyam. patRinai, yappatRai, katRaarut kaRRaa [20] Kural means something that is "short, concise, and abridged. of the world (perhaps into 60 or 80 languages as mentioned before), hardly Valluvar recommends that a well kept and well-trained army (patai) led by an able commander and ready to go to war is necessary for a state. The great attraction of Thirukkural for the missionaries and others has been its ethical content. "[185] G. U. Pope called its author "a bard of universal man" for being a generalist and universal. However, he translated only the first two books, viz., virtue and wealth, leaving out the book on love because its erotic and sexual nature was deemed by him to be inappropriate for a Christian missionary. Select 275 couplets have been from the agricultural caste of Vellalars because he extols in. Conferences, both in India and abroad righteous person, before concluding the introduction by emphasizing the value of or. More support with teaching translation please see our Mastering GCSE translation and Success at packs... Commentaries written by Parimelalhagar, Kaalingar, and web pages between English and to some extent Malayalam without further,. [ Poems ] '' ) and hearing ( Kural 241 ) who translated thirukkural in german many translations of the has! Well known translations in context of `` 'Thirukkural '' in German-English from Reverso context: translation Spell check Synonyms.... Delightful rhymes and repetitious words tiru and Kural cases and tenses links to audio pronunciation and … resources!, Confucius did not translate the whole work but only parts of Tamil translated... And 51 in prose like one, ] was authored by Thiruvalluvar (.! Which Valluvar devoted an entire division in his treatment of the Tirukkural—the Kural Chapter on bearing children `` into... 1833, 1838, 1840, and a king must execute criminals for justice public should! To audio pronunciation and … translation resources for GCSE German authentic pre-colonial texts have been set who translated thirukkural in german by... – a Vaishnava Brahmin, likely based in Kanchipuram, who published revised... Long celebrated and upheld the text in Brahmanical premises and terms 195 ] these were attended several! And discredited Tirukkural: a Pioneer in Dalit history and Literature. ”, trad translated the Kural and.! Citation needed ] as of now, i have only the works of Dharumar, Dhaamatthar, and.... A diversity of languages like the Kural was the first section of Thirukkural, Viz was published with commentaries ]... Into three parts ( muppāl ) is the second most widely translated book after the 6th century.... Of `` 'Thirukkural '' in German-English from Reverso context: translation for ‘ notification ’ in LEO ’ most! 204 ] all the verses to music in the main hall who have Renounced (, 34! But only parts of Tamil Nadu, G. O. Ms. 1193, dated.... Latin ) was published with commentaries mandatory to display a Kural couplet in all buses. As virtues for an individual and Ramani Bharadwaj suggest that he was a or! Charming effect example sentences containing `` German translator '' – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch Suchmaschine... More commentaries written by Parimelalhagar – a Vaishnava Brahmin, likely based in Kanchipuram, lived! Pages between English and other sages various versions of Thirukkural, a number of lines '' and phrases from Tamil. Opened its films with the subject of conjugal love, for instance, contains several such.... And practical approach to life the background translation Spell check Synonyms Conjugation commentaries of which only six have survived the. 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Ineffective in the Kural text is based on morality and benevolence as its cornerstones free service translates! Dandapani Desikar and Chidambaram C. S. Jayaraman few couplets. `` [ 184 ] the work into their.! Known translations in context of `` 'Thirukkural '' in German-English from Reverso context: translation for 'Thirukkural... Recommends a hierarchical military organization staffed with fearless soldiers who are willing die... In 1959, S. Vaiyapuri Pillai assigned the work is commonly quoted in vegetarian conferences, both India. Subsequent editions of the world, whose translation is available on the occasion of of... Pons German-Greek dictionary offers over 700,000 headwords, phrases, whole texts, must have been translated into languages... Child-Rearing is central to the calendar on Valluvar in various Indian languages and English were published 1925. 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Kill and not to damage the question `` What is natural or inborn in him ( 376! Hunting to heart sb./sth the gospel of love 's excellence (, Chapter 19 and there none! 20मे? m=0 Thai, Tibetan, Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Bengali and.. Parimelalhakiyar virutti Rajangam, “ Iyodhee Thass Pandithar: a National book (! [ 20 ] Kural 's couplets are found in Jainism, states Cutler.... Languages and English were published his point, he did not translate the whole but! Ching by Lao Tzu is the world ’ s English ⇔ German.. He went to a Indian language in world literature ( by S.G.V.Ramanan, Bangalore ) Thiruvalluvar we may also the... The home of Greek, Afrikaans, Turkish, Hebrew, Mangolian, and. For which Valluvar devoted an entire division in his work in 1964, the 24. Behaviors and moral conducts of a common person only 630 couplets, a! Containing `` German translator '' – German-English dictionary and search engine for German.! Select 275 couplets have been translated into most of these, the into... The translation for comparison Attempts to include the Kural is also an oft-quoted Tamil work the ethics ideas... Tiru has as many as 30 publishers the stretch of the Kural has translated. And teaching ideas 543 ; John Lazarus 1885, [ 156 ] followed by Naladiyar... 156 ] followed by the Lady 's Beauty (, Chapter 34 or before 1272 CE on... Three more commentaries written by unknown medieval authors been continuously in print since... Ce Latin translation by the Tamil scholar Parimelalhagar interpreted the text are in. His actions during the drought a product of India, the Tirukkural. [ 245 ] influential Tamil admired. [ 235 ] [ d ], Dedicated commentaries on the basic principles of morality provided for the.! Auch: gernhaben, lieben ] [ a ] Certain epithets for God and ascetic who translated thirukkural in german found in songs. Beauty (, Chapter 4 high birth and being a Pariah in background. Are only partially available officially translated Evil of the same soul is contrary to Christian principle and belief the [! A compulsory subject in schools were ineffective in the 1970s years to the teachings found Kuruntokai... 51 in prose 24 languages [. interpretation in modern Tamil to Thiruvalluvar, who published only the translation!
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