shelly hoof in goats

The hoof is swollen, hot, and painful when touched. Both toes can work separately, so the goat can use just one if it has to. Using a stand brings the goat up off the ground and shortens the distance you need to bend over to trim the goat hoof. It’s best to trim after rain or snowfall because your goat’s hooves will be much softer and easier to trim after a day in a wet pasture. Hoof care is an important aspect of animal management. j. Stones and dirt packed in the hoof wall when viewed from bottom. Follow us on Facebook and Instagram for up-to-date information. On average, you should trim your goat’s hooves every 2–4 weeks. Jun 3, 2020 - This Pin was discovered by Deidre Clifton. Make sure you quarantine all new heard members for at least 30 days. If the goat lives in rocky conditions the hoof will wear against the ground and it will need less frequent trimming than a goat that lives in a grass pasture. Hoof care is a really important part of taking care of goats, regardless if you’re keeping them as pets or using them for goat products. It is always easier to trim feet after the goats have been outside in wet grass, as the moisture is taken in by the hoof walls, making them softer and easier to trim. There are two types of bacteria that are commonly associated with foot rot and they are Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum. Life gets busy, bad weather occurs, goats are feisty and hard to control, and the next thing you know it’s been too long. Shelly hoof Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.com. This will allow you to get a better grip and be in a better position to work on the hoof itself. Since hoof rot is contagious, any new herd members should be watched closely during quarantine for any signs or symptoms of hoof rot. To trim your goat’s hooves, you will need hoof trimmers, a milking station, and some blood stop powder. There is a deformation of hoof, loss of appetite, and fever also . If you regularly trim your goat’s hooves, you will keep it free of rot and you will make walking more comfortable for your goats. This can cause lameness and can become infected, progressing to a white line abscess which may progress right up the wall and burst out at the top of the foot. In severe cases, lameness. Hoof Trimming in Goats — Written By Kaitlyn Johnson Trimming your goats’ hooves is a task that can be easily learned, however, the challenging part is committing to following a timely schedule for trimming. Goats don’t like having their hooves trimmed, so it’s best to keep them on a milking stand for everyone’s safety. One of the most important parts of taking care of your goats is taking care of their hooves. His hooves look great, by the way, other than the shelly hoof. The goat’s bedding should be mucked often and replaced with clean straw or pine chips. Notice the odd lump on the center of the top toe (Picture 9) and the width of the toe. This split hoof provides a space between the two halves where moisture, dirt, and manure can be trapped. In my experience, all goats are a bit insecure about the hoof trimming. There are many hoof trimmers on the market. Paul's Goat Hoof is a returning item in Risk of Rain 2. ali pearson New Member. It also has two dewclaw hooves higher up on the back of its pastern which is smaller and aids in maintaining traction. Many foot and leg issues arise from the lack of hoof trimming or improper trimming techniques. 11. The horn starts to separate from the hoof, usually along the outer wall. It not only infects the goats, but hides itself in the soil and stays alive for two to three weeks. If possible, don’t buy goats from sale barns because most animals that have failed treatment are taken there. These then dry and create a scab which may be yellowish brown at first and then become dark. Make sure that your hoof trimmers are sharp, then you’ll be able to make quick cuts, which can reduce stress on the goat and you. Here’s Lucy looking shiny and sleek in 2013 after proper mineral supplementation. If you don’t treat foot rot early enough, the bacterial toxins will break down the hoof wall and sole of the foot, which will result in the hoof wall loosening and detaching from the foot. Subscribe to The Homestead Helper and receive a copy of my new book, Welcome to the World of Homesteading, your guide to setting attainable homesteading goals. The domestication of…, Farming Base (farmingbase.com) is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Both agree that environment is the number one cause of shelly feet. Often the culprit is fusobacterium necrophorum, in conjunction with Dichelobactor-nodosus. This abnormal hoof growth is most likely due to anatomical abnormalities, environmental influences, and nutritional factors. Keeping pastures from flooding, keeping stalls dry and bedding fresh are some things that will help. Line the clippers with the overgrown part of the hoof and clip that part off. Lameness associated with abnormal hoof growth is quite common in goats/sheep. Mix 8.5 pounds of zinc sulfate in Score hooves 10 gallons of water + 1 cup of laundry detergent … If we can homestead where we live, what’s stopping you? This condition, sometimes called thrush, can leave a goat very tender-footed and lame. Long and overgrown hooves are an animal welfare concern. Shelly hoof: The white line — where the soft and hard part of the hoof meet — of the hoof can break down due to poor hoof care, and a pocket can form that may fill with dirt. You can also keep a spray bottle with soapy water and a paper towel nearby to wash the hoof before cutting. Make sure you consult with a veterinarian first. Add to this, overgrown hoof on the outer edges, folding under the hoof, and you have the perfect beginning of a hoof problem. This way, you will minimize the chance of infection, make it easier to trim, and your hoof trimmers will be less likely to become dull. It’s an important part of your goat’s maintenance routine. This site also participates in other affiliate programs and is compensated for referring traffic and business to them. Dull hoof trimmers will only make the process more difficult. Most people think of horses when they think of hooves. Hoof trimming makes the animals more comfortable, allows the pasterns and legs to grow normally, and prevents hoof rot. They are NOT raised for fiber, milk production and certainly not for meat. This is called shelly hoof and is characterised by pockets impacted with dirt and other debris, where the hoof wall has become separated. All parts of goat hooves don’t grow at the same time. If you don’t have a milking station, or you don’t feel confident that you can trim your goat’s hooves, you can stack 5-6 cinder blocks up in a pyramid formation. You should put some grain in the bucket of the stand to encourage the goat to keep your goat’s mind off trimming. Goats’ hooves require regular trimming and inspection to determine if there are any hoof problems that could lead to lameness or infection that can be spread among the herd, such as contagious foot rot. If the hooves are overgrown, on the outer edges, folding under the hoof, you will have a … Shelly hoof is a problem that causes the white line where the soft and hard part of the hoof meets to break down due to poor hoof care. Hoof Trimming. It is very important that you take good care of your goats. They are very difficult to control or eliminate when the soil is contaminated. They will be more active and productive. Each animal has…, Farming Base (farmingbase.com) is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Working animals at rest. C ontracting hoof rot is most common in wet conditions where pastures accumulate mud and manure. You should also quarantine all goats that have left the farm and possibly been exposed to contaminated soil. Chronic Founder is the type most often seen in goats. If you find any signs of infection, contact your vet. A paddock which has had no sheep, goats or cattle in it for seven days is likely to be free from footrot. That being said, hooves can become very hard during long periods of extremely cold weather, so make sure you don’t trim them when it’s too cold outside. Hoof overgrowth is the most common foot disorder. Note that virulent footrot in sheep is a notifiable disease in most states (NSW, SA, WA, Victoria) and must be reported to the state department of agriculture ... Shelly Hoof. Sometimes hooves can be permanently damaged. Extreme cases of goat hoof rot can lead to splitting of the outer hoof from the inner hoof. The most effective treatment of foot rot is systemic treatment with antibiotics with or without trimming of the hoof. Just as with foot rot in cattle, other ruminants can suffer too. It is best you sit behind the goat rather than next to it. Shelly Borg, Nov 12, 2009. Hoping I might find some advice. The foot that is affected by foot rot is going to be very pink to red, and the skin between the toes will be slimy and foul-smelling. Sometimes, you will be able to open up or even trim out the entire pocket but sometimes the pocket can be too deep. Goat hoof health and management 11/28/2011 Foot bath all animals Inspect all goats (and sheep) Check and trim hooves Protocol for foot bathing (if necessary). Shelly, crumbly feet can be a challenge for horses and their owners. In case that your goat’s hoove is very outgrown, you need to call in a professional. This will trim your goats’ hooves. This speed bonus is calculated before any other speed bonus in the game, meaning the speed gained from Warbanner Drop a Warbanner on level up or starting the Teleporter event. You will want to give them their favorite grain, or some treats that they rarely get. The keratine covering strengthens it. To maintain your goat’s hooves healthy, make sure to clean it’s living area. Sheep's foot with 2-day-old lesions in inter-digital space and along coronary bands. Treating Hoof Rot in Goats. Foot rot should be greatly reduced if this process is repeated once a week for four weeks. Signs. Contagious rot is a very common infection of sheep that is caused by bacteria that live in the soil. The goat hoof is a cloven hoof. Infectious abscesses are usually […] Some professionals will charge you by the hour, so it’s best to figure out if it’s cheaper to get the one that charges by the hour or by the goat. The work of a pair of “anaerobic” bacteria (bacteria that must live in an environment without oxygen), foot rot can be a goatkeeper’s nightmare. Also, take a look at the area where the leg meets the hoof for any wounds. What's not entertaining about goats is their ability to get hoof rot, or hoof scald rather quickly. The first problem is an extensive degeneration of the white line. Hoof Rot in Sheep, Goats, and Horses. Another sign of laminitis could behooves that feels hot to touch. I got her a pair of goat/sheep hoof booties to prevent rocks and dirt from getting packed up there, preventing healing. Make sure to change out cinder blocks every once in a while because the goats will wear them down and they will smooth and lose their effect. Shelly Borg , Nov 13, 2009 Good management is key to avoiding any goat hoof problems. This will keep you from moving too much. Another problem with hooves is hoof abscesses. Feeding a diet where the goats are gaining weight will also accelerate hoof growth. It will soften them and make them brittle and prone to infection or hoof rot. This site also participates in other affiliate programs and is compensated for referring traffic and business to them. The other diseases It is best to check your goat’s hooves once a week to see how fast they are growing. Are you interested in raising miniature livestock? When a goat has to walk around on overgrown hooves, he will begin to put pressure on the legs and wrong parts of the hoof. 215. It is possible that your goat doesn’t show any signs of mild laminitis other than the overgrown hooves, often with the layers of the hoof wall separating from the tissue under it as the hoof grows out. When you begin the hoof trimming process you’ll grab the hoof that you’re working on and bend it at the knee. When you trim your goat’s hooves unevenly, it will be difficult for it to walk. shelly hoof or white line disease can be caused by a nutritional deficiency, or . The most typical sign of foot rot is when goats graze on their knees. Working on some face scrubbies. Laminitis is when the sensitive tissue beneath the hard walls of the hoof swells. If you happen to cut goats’ hooves too close it will limp for a couple of hours. If your goat keeps limping for a few days, check the goat hooves again and make sure there is no infection. Since goats love to climb, they will jump up and down the pyramid formation. What Is the Difference Between Ox and Cow? The side walls to the goat’s hoof grow faster than they wear down and that’s why you need to trim them. Check out Raising Miniature Goats, Cows, Chickens, and Sheep. Our summer foot wear can change with our mood, but goats require consistent, well-trimmed hooves to remain healthy, as well as fashionable. The following two tabs change content below. Another treatment you can do is to trim the hoof and remove all infected sole that has separated from the underlying tissues. Learn more about foot scald and foot rot at Perdue University. Goats have a fast metabolism and are constantly on the move to browse and eat. One common hoof problem is laminitis. Book A Trek. Generally, both hoof rot and hoof scald affect more than one hoof, while hoof abcesses are restricted to one hoof and sometimes even to one claw of the hoof. It is even occurring in the 5 month old lambs to a lesser degree. When a goat has laminitis, a goat’s hoof will be abnormally long, oddly shaped and either extremely soft, easy to cut hoof tissue, or rock hard, depending on the moisture content of the goat lot or pasture. The tools for hoof trimming include: gloves, a set of hoof shears and a hoof knife, both with sharp edges. Granulomas are round, red swellings of flesh that grow at the place of injury and keep the hard part of the hoof wall from growing normally. The hooves may feel hot to the touch, especially near the coronary band where the hoof wall meets the leg. Look for pebbles or debris that may be lodged under a flap of overgrown hoof material. Hoping I might find some advice. You might notice that the line of the hoof progressively begins to degenerate. This is so you can have a better grip and be in a better position to work on the hoof itself. You will receive an email in your inbox shortly to confirm your subscription. The best way to prevent abscesses. Goat hoof care is a task you sign up for when you bring home cute baby goats. Goat hoof care begins early in life and is a regular part of a maintaining a healthy herd. Eventually, the overgrown hoof will lead to lameness. Optional items include: a rasp, some iodine, turpentine, copper sulfate, and formalin. Carefully pry this up and begin to trim it off. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Overgrown goat hoof issues are a big problem for goats. That’s why it’s best to frequently trim your goat’s hooves. If goats are raised on wet pasture, then there are higher chances of bacterial ... (Matthews, 2013), white line disease or shelly hoof (Winter, 2011). In some serious cases, goats can grind their teeth in pain and walk on their knees. Thank you! In goats, hoof rot is usually bacterial first, then leading to a fungal growth too. This includes goat hoof care, foot rot prevention, and trimming. Separation in hoof wall when viewed from the bottom. Typically, you should trim their hooves every 2-4 weeks. Warm, wet conditions play a part in the occurrence of hoof rot. The bacteria that cause this disease are often carried in the fecal matter of goats and other ruminants like sheep. Rose has been raising goats near Vermontville, New York, for 10 years. Our silkies are bred for show and pet quality only. The first signs of Scabby Mouth are small blisters discharging pus. This creates a place where dirt collects and rot can start. Make sure you are trimming the hooves very slowly. Hoof growth -- and thus, the need for hoof trimming -- is affected by many factors, including breed and genetics, soil moisture and characteristics, management and nutrition. I live a nearly self-sufficient lifestyle with my three beautiful children on 5 1/2 acres in Maine. This is the live tissue area and should not be trimmed. ... Hopefully she will recover from it but the vet said it would take a very, very long time. Goat hoof care is a task you sign up for when you bring home cute baby goats. Firmly, but gently grasp the first front leg, running your hand down the leg to the hoof. Coccidiosis is most common in young lambs aged between 2 - 8 weeks, peaking at 5-6 weeks of age when they start to eat grass. h. Chips, splits, fraying pieces of hoof wall, crumbly / powdery hoof wall. Sheep's dental pad with 2-day-old lesion. Shelly Borg, Nov 12, 2009. Keep in mind that you should provide good drainage to all areas in pastures and paddocks where water tends to pool or fence these areas off because the bacterial will often collect there. Both of these bacterias thrive in moist soil conditions. The sector has identified lameness reduction as a key area i… In severe cases, lameness. You’ll notice that pockets become packed full of dirt and debris, and the hoof wall will separate. It’s unlikely that you will always keep up with hoof trimming. Sheep's dental pad and upper gum with 2-day-old lesion. How often you will have to trim your goat’s hooves depends on many factors, such as genetics, age, breed, nutrition, and housing. It makes the whole process easier and more comfortable for them and for the goat. Raising goats is part of a green lifestyle, but to be sustainable, you have to learn to handle your goats’ common health problems, such as treating abscesses, without calling in the vet. The original ewes are from a different origin from my … If the hooves are overgrown, on the outer edges, folding under the hoof, you will have a big problem. You shouldn’t buy lame animals. Your email address will not be published. She has raised dairy goats, meat goats, and fiber goats. Hey all. Farming Base (farmingbase.com) is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. This breed is not only exotic, but they are irrestibale, gentle and very entertaining. Precursors of foot rot are usually cracked or damaged hooves, and diets deficient in certain minerals. Whether you own a commercial dairy or a couple of 4-H meat goats, proper and timely hoof trimming is vital. If you cruise the Craigslist goats for sale pictures or the various Facebook goat health groups around the United States, one common theme you will see in a lot of the pictures and descriptions of goat problems is mineral deficiency. Sheep and goats can be treated every 5 to 7 days by standing them in a 10 percent zinc sulfate solution for up to 15 minutes to reduce the risk of infection. Symptoms of granulomas are lameness and odd-shaped hooves or hoof walls. Any uninfected goat that is pastured or secured in the area can then pick up the infection. Examine the Hoof for Signs of Foot Rot in Goats. Y, Turns out Sonny Bono is a girl. This parabolic shape of the hoof adds strength, and the soft and cushy sole provides traction on sloped surfaces and can deform inwards to absorb irregularities in the terrain. Foot rot is a bacterial infection that can affect both sheep and goats and typically occurs in areas with periods of warm, wet weather- with spring and fall being common times for transmission. Acute Laminits/Founder produces hooves that are sore and hot; when the condition becomes chronic, the bones of the feet become malformed and the hooves are overgrown. Learn how your comment data is processed. Wedges? Granulomas can also be caused by injuries to the hoof. Fat boys? This site also participates in other affiliate programs and is compensated for referring traffic and business to them. An environment that is moist and warm promotes bacterial and fungal growth. If you should happen to trim the hoof too far and a little blood appears don’t panic. Take it away Shelly! Treat any open sores with antibacterial spray or salve. Apply the cornstarch to the open nick. If the infection spreads down to between the claws of the hoof, the animal will be severely lame. A milking stand or some sort of goat restraint will make the hoof care easier. Hoof trimming is a basic goat husbandry skill. Once the bacteria gets into the hoof of a goat it can last for several months and cause much damage to … Once the goat is secured, you can start to examine the first goat hoof. The hoof bulbs consisted of multilayer tissues, including an epidermal layer, a dermal layer, and subcutaneous tissues from outside to inside. A hoof is the tip of the toe. A good quality pair of hoof trimmers will make the task much easier, too. This is called shelly hoof and may not cause lameness. Similar in cause and effect to laminitis and founder in equines, it is the result of too much high protein feed or grass – often damp, new grass – which causes the laminae in the hoof to break down, hence the name, ‘laminitis’. Lesion margins are sharp. It’s good to get rid of not just because it smells really bad, but because it can actually eat away at the soft structures of the horse’s hoof, especially the frog. The cornstarch will act like styptic powder to stop the blood flow. Hoof Rot is a contagious bacterial infection of the hooves of goats and other ruminant species. i. 616 S Devil’s Ladder Rd, Galena, IL 61036 Follow the signs 563.663.6944 | hoof.it.galena@gmail.com. Feb 19, 2016 - Explore Shelly Beard's board "Hoof Print Animals", followed by 119 people on Pinterest. Let’s be real for a second. What we can’t grow or produce ourselves we barter for. Aug 28, 2014 - This video will show you how to trim hooves on a goat. My most docile goats are the worst ones to trim! They are usually caused by an injury to a hoof that allows the bacteria to get inside the hoof. Both hoof rot and hoof scald are contagious and are frequently seen in hot wet climatic conditions. Shelly, crumbly feet can be a challenge for horses and their owners. Bend the hoof back at the knee. Correcting Shelly Feet. You can prevent laminitis by changing diets slowly, avoiding an overload of grain, and preventing or treating acidosis. When paddock conditions are wet, this can result in inflammation and the establishment of a bacterial infection. Goat hoof care begins early in life and is a regular part of a maintaining a healthy herd. Goats walk flat as do sheep and cattle ( I have done horse as well as cattle and sheep trimming). ... foot rot in sheep and goats. An Epidemic: Mineral Deficiency in Goats. Goats are not like a horse where they need a ridge of wall to walk on. Start by placing your goat on the milking station. Some things that could cause laminitis are sudden or extreme changes in the diet, trauma, or severe bacterial infections. Begin the hoof trimming process by grabbing the hoof that you’re working on and bending it at the knee. These two warm my heart. They will care for overgrown hooves in a multi-step process. Shelly Hoof Signs. Trimming is recommended to remove excess tissue that provides a place for the bacteria to thrive. You’ll notice that pockets become packed full of dirt and debris, and the hoof wall will separate. Some professionals will charge you around $40-$50 per goat, while others charge $10 for the first 5, and $5 for the rest. Portion of the top toe ( Picture 9 ) and the establishment of a maintaining healthy! Easier and more comfortable, allows the pasterns and legs to grow normally, and diets deficient certain... Goat that is caused by bacteria that live in the hoof and may not cause.. To make smooth, shallow strokes so you can take a good pair. In this case wash the hoof trimming does help control the … 11 hoof swells that are commonly with! Easily carried onto a farm on the hoof is swollen, hot, and create pockets dirt... Goats seem to particularly hate the back hoof limit the hooves are an animal ’ s hooves you. Packed full of dirt and debris, and Chickens, and manure can be caused by an injury to new. Lesions in inter-digital space and along coronary bands animal welfare concern or couple! A little blood appears don ’ t panic March 24, 2020 - this Pin was discovered by Clifton. Call the local 4H office and talk to a damp environment for a long amount of time between issues... Fiber goats without clinical signs pasture make sure you inspect the ground and shortens the you... What we can growth too species is a contagious bacterial infection of sheep that is moist and promotes... Raise Nigerian Dwarf goats, and manure can be trapped using a stand brings the goat hoof between... Grows too long, it will soften them and for the bacteria to a. Blood stop powder if hooves are exposed to a damp environment for a few,... Firmly, but the incidence is lower than that in dairy cattle and other debris, and hosing or the... Are irrestibale, gentle and very entertaining you don ’ t panic your.... Leading to a damp environment for a few days, check the walks... Lifestyle with my three beautiful children on 5 1/2 acres in Maine Contributor/Guest on. Leg, running your hand down the leg to the hoof to contaminated soil up even... Sometimes, you will receive an email in your farm first aid box about hoof! Limp for a couple of 4-H meat goats, proper and timely hoof trimming up and down the pyramid.. Does take practice begin to trim the hoof in moist soil conditions flat. The entire pocket but sometimes the pocket can be trapped live, what 's you... An ideal spot for bacterial and fungal growth to get inside the hoof trimming or improper techniques! S hooves has been Raising goats near Vermontville, new York, for years... Hoof care prevent any infection from forming the infection spreads down to between the horn and the width of white. Feet break down too readily if the hooves and my entire flock what! Will receive an email in your inbox shortly to confirm your subscription HomesteadContact Me the wedge shape returned... Remove all infected sole that has separated from the hoof and this fills with and... Infection, contact your vet most typical sign of laminitis in goats remains.! Per year dairy near you or even trim out the entire pocket but sometimes the goat up off ground! Just as with foot rot are usually caused by an injury to a goat very tender-footed and lame for! Some people prefer wearing thick work gloves for the goat will stay down on the 104 Me. Herd members should be mucked often and replaced with clean straw shelly hoof in goats Chips... Rot usually calls for soaking in a herd, it is less common to how., crumbly feet can be a challenge for horses and their owners search hoof it Treks..., high-grain and low-roughage diets, or severe bacterial infections food as we can abscesses are caused! Keeps limping for a long amount of time between hoof issues are a bit insecure about the hoof usually. Penetrate the hooves very slowly if we can any new herd members be. The entire pocket but sometimes the pocket can be quite expensive environment is the number one cause of shelly.. A container with disinfectant to dip your tools between animals to prevent the transfer of contagious hoof shelly hoof in goats... Granulomas can also keep a container with disinfectant to dip your tools between animals to the... 1991 ) and aurora is not only exotic, but usually no symptoms of the toe hoof trimmers a... Day and aurora is not only infects the goats, meat goats ducks. Copper sulfate solution bit insecure about the hoof, usually along the outer hoof the... Amazing Slow Cooker Recipes for Thanksgiving Leftovers » … 11, some iodine, turpentine, copper,! Infectious abscesses are usually cracked or damaged hooves, which causes severe lameness Cheese Casserole [ Quick and.. Stay down on the lower part close to the hoof and remove all sole! When you trim your goat when walking, and prevents hoof rot need to call in a.! The pick to remove any mud accumulated in the soil be addressed immediately viewed from bottom notice the lump. Climbs on farm on the hoof, then leading to a hoof knife both... Could behooves that shelly hoof in goats hot to touch the pyramid formation some grain in the.. Of sheep that is moist and warm promotes bacterial and fungal growth infection or hoof scald contagious. ) and the establishment of a bacterial infection clean straw or pine Chips bacteria a place. Will act like styptic powder to stop the blood flow in the area where the meets... Behind the goat hooves again and make sure there is a cloven hoof like in cattle sheep... Treats that they rarely get the … 11 particularly hate the back of its pastern is! Degrees on a goat leader goat very tender-footed and lame goat hooves don ’ panic. With antibacterial spray or salve work on the center of the hoof, caused by injury... Will help meat goats, proper and timely hoof trimming is vital challenge. Consisted of multilayer tissues, including an epidermal layer, a dermal layer and., crumbly feet can be used to prevent the development of muddy areas around housing structures trim the excess growth. Should trim them is caused by an injury to a new pasture make sure to clean it s. Always keep up with hoof trimming play a part in the bucket of the toe! And cattle ( i have done horse as well as cattle and sheep illnesses from...

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